GERUNDS,PRESENT AND PAST PARTICIPLE AS ADJECTIVE

Gerunds are defined as the -ing form of a verb. They have several functions.

1. Used as subjects and complements

Skiing is my favorite sport.

Hiking can be very strenuous.

Seeing is believing

2. Used as objects following prepositions and prepositional expressions

Thanks for tending my children.

The job consists of typing, filing, and answering the phone.

3. Used as objects following certain verbs.*

The children enjoyed watching the parade.

Ms. Terrell avoided paying her taxes until it was too late.

Gerunds can sometimes take objects of their own:

Roland is afraid of making mistakes.

Sandy is considering leaving New York.

*These verbs are commonly followed by gerunds.

admit	advise	anticipate	appreciate	attempt	avoid
begin	can't help	complete	consider	delay	deny
discuss	dislike	enjoy	finish	forget	go
like	keep	intend	imagine	hesitate	hate
love	mention	mind	miss	neglect	postpone
practice	regret	prefer	remember	quit	resent
recall	resist	recollect	risk	recommend	start
stop	suggest	threaten	tolerate	try	understand

• Present Participles

The first type of participle is the present participle. The present participle is often referred to as the '-ing' form of the verb. Here are some examples of present participles in bold:

The sun was shining so I went for a walk.
The man speaking English is our teacher.
That movies was extremely exciting.

It is often confused with the gerund which is also casually referred to as the 'ing' form of the verb. The difference between the gerund and the present participle can be confusing.

• Past Participles

Past participles are used in a similar manner to present participles. Here are some examples of past participles in bold:

He has flown to Chicago twice.
The broken spirited boy returned home without a prize.
That man looks lost.

Participles are used for four main purposes:

• As the main verb in tenses
• As adjectives to describe a noun
• As adverbs to describe how something is done
• In phrases that look like clauses combined to provide additional, defining information

• Participles Used as the Main Verb

Participles are used with auxiliary verbs in a variety of tenses. It is important to remember that the changes in the conjugation of the verb are made to the auxiliary verb. The participle form remains the same. Next, learn which tenses take the present participle or past participle form.

• Present Participles

Present participles are used for continuous (or progressive) tenses. These include the present continuous, past continuous and future continuous.

Present Continuous - They are watching TV at the moment.
Past Continuous - Mary was talking on the telephone when I came home.
Future Continuous - I'll be playing golf tomorrow at three o'clock.
Present Perfect Continuous - He has been working in the garden for twenty minutes.
Past Perfect Continuous - They had been waiting for thirty minutes when he finally arrived.
Future Perfect Continuous - Jack will have been studying for four hours by six o'clock.

• Past Participles

Past participles are used with simple perfect tenses (continuous perfect or progressive perfect tenses take the participle 'been' + the present participle - have been playing, will have been working, etc.).

Present Perfect - She's already eaten lunch.
Past Perfect - They had left for California before she called.
Future Perfect - I will have bought the clothes by tomorrow evening.

Past participles are also used in all passive voice sentences. To quickly review the passive voice structure:

Passive Subject + be (conjugated) + past participle

Present passive - Tom was taught by Frankie.
Past passive - My car was made in Germany.
etc.

• Participles Used as Adjectives

Participles can also be used as adjectives to describe nouns. The difference between the present participle and the past participle can make quite a difference in meaning:

The bored man went to sleep during the discussion.
The boring man put other people to sleep during the discussion.

In the first sentence the past participle 'bored' is used to mean that the man himself was bored, in the second sentence the present participle 'boring' is used to mean that the man was boring to others.

Past participle adjective is :

·      indicates a past or completed action or time

·      is formed from a verbusing the perfect aspect and the passive voice

·      does not take objectan 

·      is often called the -ed form

·      often has the same form as the simple past of the verb 

Example :

·      The bored student.

·      The confused class. (all the students)

·      The chicken has eaten. (perfect aspect:)

·      The chicken was eaten. (passive voice)

• Participles Used as Adverbs

The present participle is sometimes used as an adverb to describe the manner in which a verb is performed. Here are a few examples:

She taught pounding the grammar into their heads!
Angelo works considering all angles.

Notice how the present participle could be preceded with 'by' to give the same meaning:

She taught (by) pounding the grammar into their heads!
Angelo works (by) considering all angles.

• Participles Used like Clauses

Finally, participles are also used in short phrases that function as clauses. In some cases, the phrase containing the participle drops the relative pronoun:

Who's that boy playing the piano? - (Who is that boy who playing the piano?)
That's the man remembered by his friends. - (That is the man who was remembered by his friends.)

These structures can also introduce sentences with either the present participle or the past participle:

Spending all his free-time in the library, he continued to learn outside of class.
Left alone with no where to go, Mary decided to return home a few days early.